THE FORMULATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LENGTH OF THE FIBER-OPTIC LINE WHEN INTRODUCING A TWO-STAGE SYNCHRONIZATION ALGORITHM IN THE SYSTEM OF QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION
Keywords:
Quantum key distribution, system, synchronization, single photon algorithm, photon pulse, fiber-optic link, probability characteristics
Abstract
The features of time synchronization of stations in systems of quantum key distribution (QKD), taking into account the quantum nature of the photodetector output signal, are analyzed. It is emphasized that the implementation of the synchronization process in the multi-photon mode potentially simplifies the unauthorized access to unauthorized access to unauthorized access to the confidential information. Methods for enhancing the security of the synchronization subsystem are discussed, among which the approach is focused on using a photon pulse as the sync signal with an average number of photons less than 1. The aim of the research is to establish the functional dependence of the length of a fiber-optic communication line (FOCL) on the parameters of single-mode optical fibers and single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SAPD) used to formulate the pro-spects for using a two-stage algorithm for one-photon synchronization of the receiving and trans-mitting and coding stations of the autocompensation QKD system without dividing time frames on temporary segments. In the analyzed algorithm at the receiving end, the repetition period and duration of optical sync signals are known. The equipment at the search stage registers the recep-tion of a photon or a dark current pulse (DCP) in the first time frame. If a photon is not registered in the frame, the search continues in subsequent frames. If a photon is accepted when analyzing a time frame, the equipment proceeds to testing, where the second survey is performed only during the gating of a single-photon photodetector. The study shows the prospect of using a two-stage synchronization algorithm for a QKD system using single-mode optical fibers with a minimum attenuation and single-photon avalanche photodiodes with a smaller DCP generation frequency. The implementation of a two-stage algorithm is possible in local networks with a fiber optic length of 20 ... 30 km on almost any single-mode optical fibers in the case of SAPD with an DCP genera-tion frequency of less than 10 Hz. The construction of communication lines with a length of more than 50 km is possible only with a focus on the use of SAPD with a frequency of DCP generation of less than 1 Hz.
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2. Gisin N., Ribordy G., Tittel W., Zbinden H. Quantum cryptography, Reviews of Modern Phys-ics, 2002, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 145-195.
3. Shor P.W., Preskill J. Simple proof of security of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol, Physical Review Letters, 2000, Vol. 85, pp. 441-444. Quant-ph/0003004.
4. Gerhardt I., Liu Q., Lamas-Linares A., Skaar J., Kurtsiefer C., and Makarov V. Full-field im-plementation of a perfect eavesdropper on a quantum cryptography system, Nat. Commun. 2, 349 (2011).
5. Lars Lydersen, Carlos Wiechers, Christoffer Wittmann, Dominique Elser, Johannes Skaar, Vadim Makarov. Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illu-mination, Nature Photonics. Published online: 29.08.2010. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.214.
6. Makarov V. Controlling passively quenched single photon detectors by bright light, New Jour-nal of Physics, 2009, Vol. 11. 065003.
7. Gisin N., Fasel S., Kraus B., Zbinden H., Ribordy G. Trojan-horse attacks on quantum-key-distribution systems, Physical Review A, 2006, Vol. 73. 022320.
8. Rumyantsev K.E. Sinkhronizatsiya v sisteme kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha s avtomaticheskoy kompensatsiey polyarizatsionnykh iskazheniy [Synchronization in the system of quantum key distribution with automatic compensation of polarization distortions], Telekommunikatsii [Telecommunications], 2017, No. 2, pp. 32-40. Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28368172.
9. Rumyantsev K.E. Zashchita protsessa sinkhronizatsii v sisteme kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha s avtomaticheskoy kompensatsiey polyarizatsionnykh iskazheniy [Protection of the synchronization process in the quantum key distribution system with automatic compensation of polarization distortions], Telekommunikatsii [Telecommunications], 2017, No. 3, pp. 36-44. Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28860318/.
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11. Viterbi E.D. Printsipy kogerentnoy svyazi [Principles of coherent communication]: transl. from engl., ed.by B.R. Levina. Moscow: Sov. radio, 1970.
12. Stiffler Dzh. Teoriya sinkhronnoy svyazi [Synchronous communication theory]: transl. from engl., ed.by E.M. Gabidulina. Moscow: Svyaz', 1975.
13. Lindsey W.С. Synchronization Systems in Communication and Control. Prentice-Hall, Eng-lewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972.
14. Lindsey W.C., Simon М.К. Telecommunication Systems Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Eng-lewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1973.
15. Pljonkin A., Rumjantsev K. Preliminary stage synchronization algorithm of auto-compensation quantum key distribution system with an unauthorized access security, Proceeding of the 15th International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication 2016 (ICEIC 2016). Jan 27−30, 2016. Danang, Vietnam. DOI: 10.1109/ELINFOCOM.2016.7562955. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7562955.
16. Kurochkin V.L. i dr. Eksperimental'nye issledovaniya v oblasti kvantovoy kriptografii [Exper-imental research in the field of quantum cryptography], Fotonika [Photonics], 2012, Vol. 5, pp. 54-66.
17. Rumyantsev K.E., Rudinskiy E.A. Issledovanie podsistemy sinkhronizatsii sistemy kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha QPN 5505 [Investigation of the synchronization subsystem of the quantum key distribution system QPN 5505], Informatizatsiya i svyaz' [Informatization and communication], 2018, No. 4, pp. 12-17.
18. Rumyantsev K.E., Plenkin A.P. Sinkhronizatsiya sistemy kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha pri ispol'zovanii fotonnykh impul'sov dlya povysheniya zashchishchennosti [Synchronization system of quantum key distribution when using photon pulses to enhance safety and security], Izvestiya YuFU. Tekhnicheskie nauki [Izvestiya SFedU. Engineering Sciences], 2014, No. 8 (157), pp. 81-96.
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21. Rumyantsev K.E., Plenkin A.P. Povyshenie effektivnosti algoritma vkhozhdeniya v sinkhronizm sistemy kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyuchey [Improving the efficiency of the al-gorithm of entering into synchronism of the quantum key distribution system], Izvestiya YuFU. Tekhnicheskie nauki [Izvestiya SFedU. Engineering Sciences], 2015, No. 8 (169), pp. 6-19.
22. Pljonkin A., Rumjantsev K. Synchronization algorithm of quantum key distribution system with protection from unauthorized access, Proceeding of the IEEE Photonics Society Work-shop on Recent Advances in Photonics (IEEE WRAP 2015). 16−17 December 2015. Indian In-stitute of Science, Bangalore, India, KA. 7805988. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/320745718_Synchronization_in_Quantum_Key_Distribution_Systems.
23. Pljonkin A., Rumjantsev K. Single-photon synchronization mode of quantum key distribution sys-tem, Proceeding of the International Conference on Computational Techniques in Information and Communication Technology 2016. (ICCTICT 2016). 11th–13th March 2016. New Delhi, India, pp. 531-534. 7514637. Available at: http://izv-tn.tti.sfedu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/5/6.pdf.
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25. SPADs: // www.boselec.com/products/.../IDQbrochure8-13-13.pdf.
26. Available at: http://kazus.ru/datasheets/pdf-data/2616650/FUJITSU/FRM5W232BS.html.
27. ID230 v2015 04 29. Specifications as of May 2015.
28. ID280.http://www.idquantique.com/photon-counting/photon-counting-modules/id280/.
29. Rumyantsev K.E., Rudinsky E.A. Time synchronization method in quantum key distribution system with automatic compensation of polarization distortions, Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy (ICCSP 2017), Wuhan, China, March 17-19, 2017. Paper 91.
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31. Eugene Rudinsky and Konstantin Rumyantsev. Graph-analytical method for estimating single-photon synchronization parameters of an auto-compensation quantum key distribution system, Proceedings of the Futuristic Trends in Network and Communication Technologies (FTNCT-2018). 9-10.02.2018. Waknaghat, India. 2018. Submission ID 166.
32. Rumyantsev K.E., Shakir Khayder Khusseyn. Ogranicheniya na dal'nost' dvukhetapnoy sinkhronizatsii v avtokompensatsionnoy sisteme kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha [Re-strictions on the range of two-stage synchronization in the autocompensation system of quan-tum key distribution], Telekommunikatsii [Telecommunications], 2019, No. 12, pp. 2-10.
33. Rumyantsev K.E., Rudinskiy E.A. Dvukhetapnyy vremennoy algoritm sinkhronizatsii v sisteme kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha s avtomaticheskoy kompensatsiey polyarizatsionnykh iskazheniy [Two-stage time synchronization algorithm in the system of quantum key distribu-tion with automatic compensation of polarization distortions], Izvestiya YuFU. Tekhnicheskie nauki [Izvestiya SFedU. Engineering Sciences], 2017, No. 5 (190), pp. 75-89.
34. Available at: https://www.corning.com/ru/ru/products/communication-networks/products/fiber/smf-28e-.html.
35. Available at: https://www.corning.com/ru/ru/products/communication-networks/products/fiber/smf-28-ull.html.
36. Available at: https://www.corning.com/media/worldwide/coc/documents/Fiber/PI1107_7-14rus.pdf.
37. Available at: http://2m.spb.ru/rus/opticheskie-volokna/opticheskoe-volokno-g.652.d.
38. Available at: https://clck.ru/Hg8p2.
Published
2020-01-23
Issue
Section
SECTION I. INFORMATION PROCESSING ALGORITHMS.
