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RESEARCH OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NOISE SIGNAL CONDITIONER AS A NOISE SOURCE IN MULTI-CHANNEL NOISE GENERATORS
P.A. Zemlyanukhin , A. V. Kondratiev, S.S. Svidelsky2021-01-19Abstract ▼The purpose of this work is to study the principle of operation and characteristics of a modulation-
type noise signal conditioner in which quasi-harmonic noise signals are used as a carrier
oscillation and modulating signal and in which the spectrum width of the noise signal is controlled
in a given frequency range. A study of the structure of the construction characteristics of the noise
signal generator that can be used to create adaptive multichannel noise generators to provide
active protection of informative components of side electromagnetic radiation and interference
(SERaI). According to the sources of domestic and foreign literature, as well as patent documentation,
the analysis of technical solutions for the implementation of noise generators intended for
masking SERaI were analyzed. The analysis confirmed the relevance of the problem of creating
adaptive noise generators. It is noted that it is necessary to create multichannel adaptive noise
generators to improve the characteristics of noise generators and make them more widely used in
order to effectively counteract unauthorized leakage of information by hackers through the SERaI
radiation channels. In these generators, each noise channel can be adjusted for power, generated
noise signal and control of the noise masking frequency bandwidth, which will increase the electromagnetic
compatibility of such devices. To ensure this, it is proposed to use two analog signalmultipliers in the noise signal conditioner, from the outputs of which the noise signals are summed
and sent to the output of the noise signal conditioner which allows to obtain a uniform noise signal
in amplitude. It provides control over the spectral width of the noise signal at least twice as compared
to traditional methods of generating a noise signal using modulation methods. -
OPTIMIZATION OF REMOTE DOPPLER RECEIVER’S PARAMETERS IN SEMI-ACTIVE RADAR SYSTEMS
P.A. Dyatlov, K.K. Bagrat2021-02-13Abstract ▼This article discusses the issues of increasing the noise immunity of semi-active radar systems
based on the use of transmitters for target illumination using harmonic radiation and remote
Doppler receivers in conjunction with a central information processing station. This solution is
not only the simplest from the point of view of hardware implementation, but also has such advantages
as high speed and increased sensitivity, as well as the ability to search-free spatial and
frequency processing of radiation. Of the shortcomings, it should be noted the low secrecy of the
functioning of this semi-active radar system. The purpose of the work is to eliminate the indicated
drawback by using frequency tuning in the illumination transmitter or when using several spaceseparated
illumination transmitters operating according to a given frequency-time scheme in a
semi-active radio-location system. In addition, the paper deals with the optimization of the main
parameters of portable Doppler receivers of semi-active radar systems. In particular, the paper
gives recommendations for reducing the blinding effect of a direct signal to a Doppler receiver
and presents a set of measures aimed at increasing the range of action of semi-active radar systems
up to forty kilometers. In this paper, we consider the case of operation of a semi-active radiolocation
system operating in a limited spatial sector using one remote receiving point. The illumination
transmitter, which is usually placed on a high-rise object, generates directional radiation,
intended primarily for solving various tasks in the field of telecommunications, for example,
providing mobile communications, relaying satellite information, etc. In this system, the illumination
transmitter is used in as a signal generator for illumination of air targets -
NOISE GENERATION METHOD BASED ON A SET OF NOISY IMAGES WITHOUT CLEAN EXAMPLES
А.S. Kovalenko , Y. М. Demyanenko243-2542025-11-10Abstract ▼In this work, a novel method is proposed for noise generation from noisy images that does not require aligned pairs of clean and noisy data. Unlike traditional approaches demanding matched image sets or a priori noise models, the developed technique models complex noise characteristics intrinsic to specific CMOS sensors solely from observed noisy data. Noise synthesis is achieved via a U‑Net‑like generative adversarial architecture based on StyleGANv2, featuring a modified discriminator conditioned on camera parameters and input image metadata. Special emphasis is placed on preserving the spatial–color structure and textural details of each image, enforced through a dedicated loss function that ensures fidelity to the original color rendering and fine-grained patterns. Training of the noise generator is performed without any paired clean and noisy images, which proves particularly valuable when handling real-world datasets acquired from multiple camera models under varied lighting conditions. The experimental section presents a detailed comparative analysis of the synthesized images using PSNR and SSIM metrics, along with an evaluation of the noise distribution based on intensity statistics and spectral characteristics. It is demonstrated that the generated dataset functions effectively as a standalone training corpus for denoising neural networks and, when combined with a real dataset (e.g., SIDD), yields further enhancements in denoising performance. Results indicate that combined training on the union of generated and real examples produces an average PSNR improvement of 1.5 dB compared to existing methods reliant on aligned data. Independence from the specific optical characteristics of any given sensor significantly broadens the method’s applicability. These findings confirm the utility of the proposed approach for realistic noise synthesis and removal in scenarios lacking clean reference images, and they open avenues for future research into adaptive noise-model generation
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DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH OF THE EQUALIZER CONFIGURATION TO INCREASE NOISE IMMUNITY IN DECAMETER RADIO LINES
А. I. Rybakov212-2272025-10-01Abstract ▼The problem of increasing the noise immunity of decameter radio lines (DRL) in modern domestic radio communication systems, including short-wave (SW) communication, remains significant and in demand, despite the existence of numerous classical studies. The decameter radio communication systems have been chosen as the object of our analysis. Specifically, the R-016 system, which is used as a prototype, faces limitations such as its frequency range, which affects its effectiveness in conditions of variable ionospheric characteristics that negatively impact the signal level. Signal processing issues in prototypes can lead to bit errors reaching a bit error rate (BER) of 10-3, even in the absence of significant interference. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of various factors, such as changing the length of the preamble and implementing adaptive filters, on the noise immunity of systems. The analysis of the results indicates that increasing the length of the preamble improves the noise immunity of decameter radio lines. The practical significance of the results is that they can be used to improve the noise immunity of existing DFM radio communication systems that operate in variable ionospheric conditions. This paper also discusses the scientific basis for selecting an equalizer configuration for decameter radio lines to increase communication range and improve noise immunity. The developed methods provide a scientific basis for selecting effective equalizer settings, which can lead to improved communication range. To test different equalizer configurations in a Rayleigh channel, Simulink simulation is used, which confirms the correctness of the selected parameters. Experimental validation of the decameter radio line model includes the study of various preamble lengths, and the analysis of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) at the receiver input allows for the adaptation of these parameters. Thus, the research results show that increasing the preamble length has a positive impact on the system's noise immunity. The work focuses on the modeling and operation of DFM radio lines, and the obtained results have practical significance for the active adaptation of existing radio systems in a changing ionosphere
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ERROR ESTIMATION FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISON OF NOISY IMAGES
A.N. Karkishchenko, V. B. Mnukhin2021-07-18Abstract ▼The aim of this work is to study the effect of noise on the image on the quality of comparison of a
finite set of images of the same shape and size. This task inevitably arises when analyzing scenes, detecting
individual objects, detecting symmetry, etc. The noise factor must be taken into account, since the
difference between digital objects can be caused not only by the mismatch of the compared images of
real objects, but also by distortions due to noise, which is almost always takes place. This differenceturns out to be proportional to the level of the noise component. The main result of this article is an
analytical estimate for the probability of a given level of error, which may arise in the multiple comparison
of a finite set of commensurate digital images. This estimate is based on a low-level comparison,
which is a pixel-by-pixel calculation of image differences using the Euclidean metric. In this case, a
standard assumption is made about the independent normal noise of image intensities with zero mathematical
expectation and a priori established standard deviation in each pixel. The evidence presented in
the article allows us to assert that the obtained estimate should be regarded as sufficiently "cautious"
and it can be expected that in reality the scatter of the measure caused by noise in the image will be
significantly less than the theoretically found boundary. The estimates obtained in this work are also
useful for detecting various types of symmetry in images, which, as a rule, lead to the need to calculate
the difference of an arbitrary number of commensurate digital areas. In addition, they can be used as
theoretically grounded threshold values in tasks requiring a decision on the coincidence or difference of
images. Such threshold values inevitably appear at various stages of processing noisy images, and the
question of their specific values, as a rule, remains open; at best, heuristic considerations are proposed
for their selection. -
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO FILTERING METHODS TO ELIMINATE NOISE IN AN IMAGE OF DIFFERENT DEGREES OF NOISE
K.O. Sever, I.I. Turulin, D.A. Guzhva2021-08-11Abstract ▼In modern photography and video technology, any image in the process of its creation is
distorted by various types of noise. There are various types of noise, but in practice, impulsive and
Gaussian noise models are the most common. Attenuation of the effect of noise is achieved by filtering.
At the moment, there is no universal filter that suppresses noise data at various intens ities
of distortion. Therefore, an important aspect is to determine the field of application of each
type of filter when suppressing noise in the image and creating a filter, consisting of a combination
of different filtering methods for optimal image cleaning. The article presents a comparative
analysis of median filtering and Wiener filtering to eliminate impulse and Gaussian noise in
the image with different degrees of noise. For modeling, we used one image, separately distorted
by impulse and separately by Gaussian noise with pixel distortion probabilities from 1% to
99% inclusive. Filtration was performed with windows equal to 3x3 and 5x5. As a result, we
obtained numerical estimates of the image filtering quality based on the peak signal-to-noise
ratio (PSNR). On the basis of the data obtained, the application of the investigated filters, their
modifications, advantages and disadvantages were analyzed, as well as recommendations for
their use were given. As a result of a comparative analysis of the studied types of filtering for
noisy images, it was found that the median filter with a 3x3 window copes better with image
cleaning from low-intensity impulse noise and with a 5x5 window - with image cleaning with an
average noise intensity. Also, the median filter does a better job of filtering out Waussian noise
at its medium and high rms deviations. The Wiener filter with 3x3 and 5x5 windows better fi lters
Gaussian noise at small values of its root-mean-square deviation. Also, the Wiener filter
copes better with impulse noise with relatively high noise power. -
MODERN APPROACHES TO FACE RECOGNITION IN LOW-LIGHT CONDITIONS: A REVIEW AND THE CONCEPT OF A HYBRID END-TO-END ARCHITECTURE
D. А. Morozov , V.V. Gilka , А. S. Kuznetsova113-1332026-07-07Abstract ▼The article addresses the problem of reliable face recognition in critical areas such as video surveillance and biometric authentication under low-light conditions. Existing approaches typically separate the tasks of image enhancement and face identification, which leads to error accumulation and loss of informative features. The aim of this work is to overcome this limitation by developing and theoretically substantiating a hybrid end-to-end architecture in which image enhancement and face recognition are solved jointly. The study provides a systematic review of modern methods, including classical algorithms (such as histogram equalization and noise suppression) and advanced deep neural networks (including EnlightenGAN, Zero-DCE, ArcFace, and RetinaFace). The main contribution is the integration of generative and identification modules into a single computational graph. The key result of the study is the demonstration that joint optimization of all processing stages within a unified model, unlike fragmented solutions, fundamentally changes the approach to the problem. Theoretical analysis and comparative evaluation of existing concepts show that the proposed architecture ensures a more efficient gradient flow during training, leading to the formation of higher-quality and noise-robust identity features. It is shown that this approach prevents error accumulation between stages and minimizes information loss. The novelty of the work lies in the holistic, end-to-end view of the face recognition problem under low-light conditions. The practical significance is confirmed by the applicability of the architecture in real systems, where its implementation can potentially improve reliability and processing speed by combining heterogeneous tasks into a single optimizable framework.
The article addresses the problem of reliable face recognition in critical areas such as video surveillance and biometric authentication under low-light conditions. Existing approaches typically separate the tasks of image enhancement and face identification, which leads to error accumulation and loss of informative features. The aim of this work is to overcome this limitation by developing and theoretically substantiating a hybrid end-to-end architecture in which image enhancement and face recognition are solved jointly. The study provides a systematic review of modern methods, including classical algorithms (such as histogram equalization and noise suppression) and advanced deep neural networks (including EnlightenGAN, Zero-DCE, ArcFace, and RetinaFace). The main contribution is the integration of generative and identification modules into a single computational graph. The key result of the study is the demonstration that joint optimization of all processing stages within a unified model, unlike fragmented solutions, fundamentally changes the approach to the problem. Theoretical analysis and comparative evaluation of existing concepts show that the proposed architecture ensures a more efficient gradient flow during training, leading to the formation of higher-quality and noise-robust identity features. It is shown that this approach prevents error accumulation between stages and minimizes information loss. The novelty of the work lies in the holistic, end-to-end view of the face recognition problem under low-light conditions. The practical significance is confirmed by the applicability of the architecture in real systems, where its implementation can potentially improve reliability and processing speed by combining heterogeneous tasks into a single optimizable framework.
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DIGITAL MULTIPLIER-CONVERTING METHOD FOR MEASURING FREQUENCY INSTABILITY USING THE LABVIEW PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
Jacinto Mba Biye Nsue, V. P. Fedosov , S. V. Kucheryavenko2020-10-11Abstract ▼The article is aimed at measuring the parameters of the harmonic process by the multiplication-
conversion method. The simulation was carried out through the use of the LabVIEW software
environment, as applied to the digital multiplier-conversion method, the main points of which are
presented in the form of a progressive chain: a) development of the first harmonic process; b) the
multiplication of the indicator of the first harmonic process by four; c) the arrival of to
the band-pass filter PF1 tuned to the highest frequency, in this case, d) simultaneously, using
the generator Г2, a second source signal is generated; e) This oscillation is raised to the
fifth power, f) using the filter PF2 tuned to a frequency of 5 , select the fifth harmonic g) The
signals received at the outputs of the filters are added and the result of the sum is subjected to nonlinear
transformation h) Then, from the resulting square of the sum of the signals and using a
band-pass filter PF3, we extract only the low-frequency harmonic with the frequency i) Then,
using the Hilbert transform, we extract the total instantaneous phase from the harmonic and it
becomes the object of the derivative operation, which leads us to obtain the instantaneous frequency
function, characterized by a fixed dispersion. j) The law of fluctuations of the frequency
resulting from the use of multiplication-conversion operations is compared with a given frequency,
and we proceed to determine the mathematical expectation and standard deviation. The conclusion
about the frequency instability is based on the discrepancies obtained. Applying nonlinear
transformations of oscillations of oscillators similar in instability and obtaining the oscillations of
a given frequency in the same way, the measured frequency instability is established. If you apply
this method many times to the oscillations of highly stable devices, you can develop an oscillation
with increased instability, and then evaluate it with available measuring equipment. Thus, we bypass
without high costs by performing this operation. Then, determine the initial instability by the
formulas given in this article. -
ON THE INFLUENCE OF NOISE ON THE RECOGNITION OF THREEFOLD ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY IN HEXAGONAL IMAGES
A.N. Karkishchenko, V.B. Mnukhin2021-01-19Abstract ▼The article presents an algebraic approach to the representation and processing of digital
images defined on hexagonal lattices. The described approach is based on the representation of images
as functions on finite fields of “Eisenstein's integers”. As it turns out, the elements of such fields
naturally correspond to the pixels of hexagonal images of certain sizes. The exponential and logarithmic
transformations in the Eisenstein fields are described. A method for detecting the centers of
threefold rotational symmetry in grayscale images is presented and the corresponding normalized
measure of symmetry is introduced. The main purpose of the work is to study the effect of noise on the
image on the quality of the symmetry assessment using the introduced measure. The noise factor must
be taken into account, since a decrease in the measure can be caused not only by the incomplete
symmetry of the real object, but also by distortions due to noise, which is almost always the case.
Obviously, this difference will be proportional to the level of the noise component. Analytical estimates
of the effect of noise on the criterion for detecting symmetry are obtained in this work. If images
are subject to random noise, then the measure of symmetry of local image areas will be a random
variable, the distribution law of which is determined by the distribution laws of noise components. At
the same time, the standard for image processing assumption is made in the work about the model of
normal and independent noise level of the brightness function. The peculiarity of the introduced
threefold rotational symmetry measure does not allow directly applying standard methods to obtain
probabilistic estimates. For this purpose, an assessment of the cumulative probability distribution
function was carried out, on the basis of which an expression was obtained for the probabilities of
deviation of the symmetry measure from the true value by a given value. By virtue of the a priori
assumptions made, the obtained estimate should be considered as rather "cautious" and it can be
expected that in reality the spread of the measure caused by noise in the image will be significantly
less than the theoretically established boundaries. -
SEMI-MARKOV MODEL OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK WITH DYNAMIC CONTROL
D.A. Mishchenko, А.А. L’vov, А. А. Nikiforov, Alalvan Amin Raad Jihad, M.S. Svetlov2021-12-24Abstract ▼The paper proposes a semi-Markov model of telecommunication network. The variant of dynamic
traffic control of queuing system as a special case of telecommunication network is considered.
The main purpose of control is to minimize the average cost per unit of time to service the
incoming flow of information (packets). This takes into account the different bandwidth of the
channels, the processing speed of information in the channel and the information capacity of the
buffers. The approach to the organization of dynamic control taking into account noise immunity
(information reliability) and information security is discussed. The problem of dynamic control of
a telecommunication network is considered on the example of a simple single-channel structure of
the “point-to-point” type, which is modeled as a linear unidirectional Markov chain. The parameters
of the service tariff, the cost of the fine for refusal of service were introduced. The analysis
allows us to make the following remarks that the distribution of the input information flow of
packets is Poisson, the law of distribution of the length of packets and the speed of their arrival is
exponential, which together characterizes the Markov process. However, there are concurrent
service delays relative to the timing of service requests, including buffer overflow delays. The proposed
semi-Markov model of a telecommunications network can be used for more complex network
structures. In particular, for a telecommunication network, consisting not only of one singlechannel
information transmission system (single-channel queuing system), but representing a set
of several systems, that is, for multichannel telecommunication networks.
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