ROLE OF LIGHTNING IN THE CLOUD TRANSITION FROM THUNDERSTORM TO HURRICANE AND THEIR ARTIFICIAL INITIATION AS A METHOD OF PREVENTING HURRICANE AND PRECIPITATIONS REDISTRIBUTION
Abstract
The transition of the cloud, thunderstorm state, accompanied by intensive lightning discharges, to hail occurs as a result of the nucleation and growth of hail nuclei in the drop and grain forms. The vertical extent of the volume where nuclei where are formed on giant particles of micro-impurities in the atmosphere (GPA) is between the isotherms from -2 0C to -15 0C. Ice crystals grow due to sublimation and coagulation with supercooled cloud droplets. In the same volume, between the isotherms of temperatures from -5 0C to -16 0C, discharges occur with the maximum number of lightning strikes at an altitude of -10 0C. Lightning strikes introduce an excess volume charge with an ion concentration of about 1017 cm-3 into the cloud space. Positive lightning strikes introduce positive ions, while negative lightning strikes introduce negative ions. These ions are deposited on the GPA, which have concentrations of about 105 m-3 in pre-hail situations. The negative charge on the GPA, contributing to the nucleation of planar crystal structures on the particle, forms a granular hailstone. The positive charge on the GPA forms filamentous structures that break off, and the fragments, when they come into contact with supercooled large droplets and freeze them, lead to the formation of droplet hailstones. To prevent hail, ground lightning, and the redistribution of precipitation, a method based on the initiation of artificial lightning has been proposed. Methods of initiating artificial lightning are given using: plasma formations resulting from the detonation of 100 mm artillery shells in thunderstorm-hail clouds, a special rocket with a detonating cord, and an anti-hail rocket with a conductive surface. A significant change in the radar reflectivity of a thunderstorm-hail cloud has been observed under the influence of an artificially initiated lightning strike. Based on the results of preliminary experiments on hail prevention, the method of preventing and interrupting hail using "reagent plus artificially initiated lightning" has been proposed. Given the established fact that approximately 10 tons of precipitation are released with each lightning strike, it is possible to redistribute precipitation, prevent ground-based lightning, and more using artificially initiated lightning. In the future, unmanned aerial systems should be used to initiate artificial lightning within thunderstorm clouds, while quadcopters should be used in the vicinity of clouds
References
1. Bazelyan E.M., Gorin B.N., Levitov V.I. Fizicheskie i inzhenernye osnovy molniezashchity [Physical and engineering fundamentals of lightning protection]. Moscow: Gidrometeoizdat, 1978, 202 p.
2. Petrov N.I., Petrova G.N. Fizicheskie mekhanizmy razvitiya molnievykh razryadov mezhdu grozovym oblakom i ionosferoy [Physical mechanisms of lightning discharges development between a thunder-cloud and the ionosphere], ZhTF [Journal of Technical Physics], 1999, Vol. 69, Issue 4, pp. 134-137.
3. Khorguani V.G. Mikrofizika zarozhdeniya i rosta grada [Microphysics of hail origin and growth]. Mos-cow: Gidoometioizdat, 1984, 184 p.
4. Blevins L.L., Marwitz J.D. Visual observations of lightning in Some Great Plains hailstorms, Weather, 1968, 23, pp. 192-194.
5. Branick M.L., and Deswell C.A. III. An observation of the relationship between supercell structure and lightning ground strike polarity, Weather Forecast, 1992, 7, pp. 143-149.
6. Carey L.D., and Rutledge S.A. Electrical and multipara meter Radar observations of a severe hailstorm, J. Geophys. Res., 1998, 103, pp. 13,979-14,000.
7. Williams E.R., et al. The behavior of total lightning activity in Severe Florida thunderstorms, J Atmos. Res., 1999, 51, pp. 245-264.
8. Proctor D.E. Lighting and precipitation in Small Multicellular Thunderstorm, J. Geophys. Res., 1983, Vol. 88, n. C9, pp. 5421-5440.
9. Proctor D.E. Radar Observations of Lightening, J. Geophys. Res., 1981, Vol. 86, C12, pp. 12109-12114.
10. Iudin D.I., Rakov V.A., Syssoev A.A., Bulatov A.A., M. Hayakawa M. Formation of decimeter-scale, long-lived elevated ionic conductivity regions in thunderclouds, Climate and Atmospheric Science, 2019, pp. 1-10.
11. Beytuganov M.N. Elektricheskie razryady razlichnykh tipov i molniy kak prichina prevrashcheniya chas-tits mikroprimesi atmosfery v zarodyshi grada [Electrical discharges of various types and lightning as the cause of the transformation of atmospheric microparticles into hail nuclei], Doklady Vserossiyskoy kon-ferentsii pot fizike oblakov i aktivnym vozdeystviyam na gidrometeorologicheskie protsessy: Sb. nauch-nykh trudov [Reports of the All-Russian Conference on Cloud Physics and Active Influences on Hy-drometeorological Processes. Collection of Scientific Papers]. Part 2. Nal'chik, 2017, pp. 249-256.
12. Rayst P. Aerozoli. Vvedenie v teoriyu [Aerosols. Introduction to the theory]. Moscow: Mir, 1987, 277 p.
13. Distller G.I. Kobzreva S.A. Dal'nodeystvie aktivnykh tsentrov kristallicheskikh poverkhnostey [Long-Range action of active centers of crystalline surfaces], DAN SSSR [Proceedings of the Academy of Sci-ences of USSR], 1967, Vol. 172, No. 5, pp. 1069-1071.
14. Medaliev Kh.Kh., Sizhazhev S.M. Izuchenie stepeni grozoopasnosti oblakov i opredelenii vremeni i mes-ta vozniknoveniya kanala molnii [Study of the degree of thunderstorm danger of clouds and determina-tion of the time and place of the lightning channel occurrence], Tr. Vysokogornogo geofizicheskogo insti-tuta. Vyp. 29. Fizika oblakov i aktivnykh vozdeystviy na gradovye protsessy [Proceedings of the High-Mountain Geophysical Institute. Issue 29. Physics of clouds and active influences on hail processes]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1975, pp. 3-11.
15. Soula S., Seity Y., Féral L., Sauvageot H. Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hail-bearing convective storms, Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004, 109 (D2), pp. D 2101.
16. Beytuganov M.N., Chochaev Kh.Kh. Predotvrashchenie i preryvanie grada kombinirovannym metodom «reagent plyus iskusstvenno initsiiruemye molnii» [Prevention and interruption of hail by the combined method of "reagent plus artificially initiated lightning"], Tr. Voenno-kosmicheskoy akademii im. A.F. Mozhayskogo. Problemy voenno-prikladnoy geofiziki i kontrolya sostoyaniya prirodnoy sredy [Proceed-ings of the Military Space Academy named after A.F. Mozhaysky. Problems of Military Applied Geo-physics and Control of the Natural Environment]. St. Petersburg, 2022, Issue 685, pp 19-27.
17. Beytuganov M.N. Metod predotvrashcheniya grada initsiirovaniem iskusstvennykh molniy [The method of preventing hail by initiating artificial lightning], Sb. nauchnykh trudov 5 Rossiyskoy konferentsii po atmosfernomu elektrichestvu [Collection of scientific papers of the 5th Russian Conference on Atmos-pheric Electricity]. Vladimir, 2003, Vol. 1, pp. 204-207.
18. Beytuganov M.N., Chochaev Kh.Kh. Opyty po predotvrashcheniyu grada initsiirovaniem iskusstvennykh molniy s pomoshch'yu protivogradovykh raket s tokoprovodyashchey poverkhnost'yu [Experiments on preventing hail by initiating artificial lightning using anti-hail rockets with a conductive surface], VII Vse-rossiyskaya konferentsiya po atmosfernomu elektrichestvu: Sb. trudov. Nal'chik 23-27 sentyabrya 2019 [VII All-Russian Conference on Atmospheric Electricity. Collection of papers. Nalchik, September 23-27, 2019]. St. Petersburg, 2019, pp. 63-72.
19. Beytuganov M.N. Nesmeyanov P.A. Issledovanie vozmozhnosti provotsirovaniya elektrorazryadnykh yavleniy plazmennymi obrazovaniyami [Research on the possibility of provoking electric discharge phe-nomena by plasma formations], Sb. trudov 6 Rossiyskoy konferentsii po atmosfernomu elektrichestvu [Collection of papers of the 6th Russian Conference on Atmospheric Electricity]. Nizhniy Novgorod, 2007, pp. 142-144.
20. Beytuganov M.N. Initsiirovanie iskusstvennykh molniy kak metod predotvrashcheniya grada [Initiation of artificial lightning as a method of preventing hail], Izvestiya Kabardino-Balkarskogo nauchnogo tsen-tra RAN [Izvestiya Kabardino-Balkarskogo Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences], 2013, No. 1 (51), pp. 38-43.
