АНАЛИЗ ТРЕБОВАНИЙ К ПАРАМЕТРАМ ИЗЛУЧЕНИЙ РАДИОТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ БЕСПИЛОТНЫХ АВИАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМ
Ключевые слова:
БПЛА, БАС, выделенные частотные диапазоны, характеристики излучений, радио-контроль
Аннотация
На основе анализа отечественных и зарубежных нормативных документов рассмат-
риваются особенности использования радиочастотного спектра в РФ для беспилотных
авиационных систем (БАС). Рассмотрены типы радиоканалов для связи БАС и наземного
пункта управления и определены частотные диапазоны, разрешённые для использования в
целях связи с БАС согласно нормативно-правовой базе Российской Федерации. К лицензированным относятся диапазоны 117,975–137 МГц; 5030–5091 МГц; 5850 – 6425 МГц, но есть
возможность использования нелицензирумых диапазонов 137–174 МГц; 395–400 МГц;
430–460 МГц: 433,05–434,79 МГц; 860–880 МГц; 902–928 МГц; 1100–1400 МГц;
2400–2483,5 МГц. Показано, что существует проблема использования нелицензируемых
диапазонов частот в связи с ограничениями на параметры радиоизлучения и диапазонов
систем мобильной связи из-за отсутствия нормативной базы. В нормативно-правовой
базе определены требования к уровням излучений радиоэлектронных средств (РЭС) БАС в
лицензированных диапазонах, которые не должны превышать 100 мВт. В текущий мо-
мент в Российской Федерации нет нормативных требований к техническим параметрам
РЭС БАС для их радиоканалов в нелицензируемых диапазонах, но при этом есть ограниче-
ния на устройства малого радиуса действия, использующие эти диапазоны. При этом су-
ществует ряд нормативных документов других стран, определяющих уровни сигналов в
каналах управления полетов. Рассмотрены возможности применения БАС для целей радио-
контроля на примере опытной эксплуатации беспилотного летательного аппарата
(БПЛА) «Орлан-10» с учётом существующих ограничений в области нормативно-правовой
базы. Показано, что существует ряд ограничений для их эффективного использования в
целях радиоконтроля: в области нормативно-правовой базы, технических характеристик
антенн и зависимость результатов от высоты полёта. Также важным фактором явля-
ются ограничения по климатическим факторам. При этом именно для труднодоступных
районов со сложными климатическими условиями такой метод мониторинга является
наиболее перспективным.
Литература
1. Proekt strategii razvitiya otrasli svyazi Rossiyskoy Federatsii na period do 2035 goda [Draft
strategy for the development of the communications industry of the Russian Federation for the
period up to 2035]. Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications
of the Russian Federation (2023). Available at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/documents/9120/
(accessed 01 August 2023).
2. Ob utverzhdenii plana meropriyatiy («dorozhnoy karty») po sovershenstvovaniyu
zakonodatel'stva i ustraneniyu administrativnykh bar'erov v tselyakh obespecheniya realizatsii
plana meropriyatiy («dorozhnoy karty») Natsional'noy tekhnologicheskoy initsiativy po
napravleniyu «Aeronet»: Rasporyazhenie Pravitel'stva RF ot 03.04.2018 g. N576-r (v red. ot
16.09.2021) [On the approval of the action plan («roadmap») to improve legislation and eliminate
administrative barriers in order to ensure the implementation of the action plan
(«roadmap») The National Technological Initiative in the Aeronet direction: Order of the Government
of the Russian Federation N576-р (2021)]. Available at: legal reference system
«Konsul'tantPlyus».
3. Ob utverzhdenii Kontseptsii integratsii bespilotnykh vozdushnykh sudov v edinoe vozdushnoe
prostranstvo Rossiyskoy Federatsii i plana realizatsii Kontseptsii v chasti razvitiya
tekhnologiy: Rasporyazhenie Pravitel'stva RF ot 05.10.2021 g. N2806-r (v red. ot 05.12.2022)
[On approval of the Concept of Integration of Unmanned Aircraft into the Unified Airspace of
the Russian Federation and the plan for the implementation of the Concept in terms of technology
development: Order of the Government of the Russian Federation N2806-р (2021)].
Available at: legal reference system «Konsul'tantPlyus».
4. Reshenie GKRCh ot 29 noyabrya 2021 goda №21-60-05 «Ob ispol'zovanii polosy radiochastot
5850-6425 MGts radioelektronnymi sredstvami dlya organizatsii svyazi s bespilotnymi
vozdushnymi sudami (dlya sluzhebnogo pol'zovaniya) [Decision GRFC No. 21-60-05 (2021)
“About the use of the radio frequency band 5850-6425 MHz by radio-electronic means for the
organization of communication with unmanned aircraft (for official use)”]. Ministry of Digital
Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. Available
at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/documents/8069/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
5. Reshenie GKRCh ot 23 dekabrya 2022 goda № 22-65-03 «Ob ispol'zovanii polos radiochastot
radioelektronnymi sredstvami dlya organizatsii svyazi v bespilotnykh aviatsionnykh
sistemakh» [Decision GRFC No. 22-65-03 (2022) “On the use of radio frequency bands by radio-
electronic means for the organization of communication in unmanned aircraft systems”].
Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian
Federation. Available at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/documents/8628/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
6. Reshenie GKRCh ot 24 aprelya 2023 goda №23-66-01 «Ob ispol'zovanii polos radiochastot
radioelektronnymi sredstvami dlya organizatsii svyazi v bespilotnykh aviatsionnykh sistemakh
grazhdanskogo naznacheniya» [Decision GRFC No. 23-66-01 (2023) “On the use of radio frequency
bands by radio-electronic means for the organization of communication in unmanned
civil aviation systems”. Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications
of the Russian Federation. Available at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/documents/8969/
(accessed 01 August 2023).
7. Postanovlenie Pravitel'stva RF ot 18.09.2019 g. N1203-47 «Ob utverzhdenii Tablitsy
raspredeleniya polos radiochastot mezhdu radiosluzhbami Rossiyskoy Federatsii i priznanii
utrativshimi silu nekotorykh postanovleniy Pravitel'stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) [Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation
N1203-47 (2019) “On the approval of the Table of Distribution of Radio Frequency Bands between
the Radio Services of the Russian Federation and the invalidation of Certain resolutions
of the Government of the Russian Federation (with amendments and additions)”. Available at:
legal reference system «Garant».
8. Perechen' porucheniy po voprosam razvitiya bespilotnykh aviatsionnykh sistem: Poruchenie
Prezidenta Rossii ot 30.12.2022 g. Pr-2548-r [List of instructions on the development of unmanned
aircraft systems: Order of the President of Russia Пр-2548-р. (2022)]. Available at:
legal reference system «Konsul'tantPlyus».
9. Reshenie GKRCh ot 07 maya 2007 goda № 07-20-03-001 «O vydelenii polos radiochastot
ustroystvam malogo radiusa deystviya» (v red. ot 10.03.2017) [Decision GRFC № 07-20-03-
001 (2007) “On the allocation of radio frequency bands to short-range devices”]. Electronic
fund of normative, technical and regulatory information of the Code Consortium. Available at:
https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420342446 (accessed 01 August 2023).
10. Makarenko S.I. Protivodeystvie bespilotnym letatel'nym apparatam: monografiya [Counteraction
by unmanned aerial vehicle: monograph]. Saint Petersburg: Naukoemkie tekhnologii,
2020, 204 p.
11. FCC Certification, NexPCB Knowledge Base. Available at: knowledgebase.nexpcb.com/articles/
fcc/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
12. Evropeyskiy sertifikat kachestva – SE markirovka dlya Evrosoyuza [European Quality Certificate
– CE marking for the European Union]. Serkons. Available at:
https://www.serconsrus.ru/services/ce-marking/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
13. SRRC Certification for telecommunication products in China. MPR. Available at:
https://www.china-certification.com/en/china-srrc-type-approval/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
14. Dlya radiokontrolya na trudnodostupnykh territoriyakh budut primenyat'sya bespilotnye letatel'nye
apparaty [Unmanned aerial vehicles will be used for radio monitoring in remote areas]. Ministry of
Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation.
Available at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/events/29464/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
15. Zakharov A.I., Ivanov N.V., Studenikin A.V. Vozmozhnosti bespilotnykh letatel'nykh apparatov
pri reshenii izyskatel'skikh zadach [The capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles in solving
survey tasks], Inzhenernye izyskaniya [Engineering surveys], 2012, No. 7, pp. 20-23.
16. Studenikin A.V. i dr. Praktika primeneniya perspektivnykh bespilotnykh letatel'nykh apparatov
dlya monitoringa i aerofotos"emki [The practice of using advanced unmanned aerial vehicles
for monitoring and aerial photography], Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo
zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa [Modern problems of remote sensing of the Earth from
space], 2012, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 102.
17. Rekomendatsiya MSE-R SM.378-7 «Izmerenie napryazhennosti polya na stantsiyakh
radiokontrolya» [Recommendation ITU-R SM.378-7 “Field strength measurement at radio monitoring
stations”]. International Telecommunication Union. Available at: https://www.itu.int/
dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.378-7-200702-I!!PDF-E.pdf (accessed 01 August 2023).
18. Rekomendatsiya MSE-R SM.1875-1 «Izmerenie pokrytiya DVB-T i proverka kriteriev
planirovaniya» [Recommendation ITU-R SM.1875-1 “DVB-T coverage measurement and verification
of planning criteria”]. International Telecommunication Union. Available at:
https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.1875-1-201308-S!!PDF-R.pdf (accessed
01 August 2023).
19. Nikitina A.V. Otsenka vozmozhnosti primeneniya bespilotnykh letatel'nykh apparatov dlya
zadach radiokontrolya setey mobil'noy svyazi [Assessment of the possibility of using unmanned
aerial vehicles for the tasks of radio monitoring of mobile communication networks],
SPbNTORES: Tr. ezhegodnoy NTK [SPbNTORES: Proceedings of the annual STC], 2021,
No. 1, pp. 240-243.
20. Ashikhmin A.V. i dr. Sposob odnopozitsionnogo mestoopredeleniya istochnikov
radioizlucheniya s ispol'zovaniem bortovogo radiopelengatora bespilotnogo letatel'nogo
apparata vertoletnogo tipa [A method for single-position location of radio emission sources using
an on-board radio direction finder of a helicopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle], Sistemy
upravleniya, svyazi i bezopasnosti [Control, communication and security systems], 2021,
No. 4, pp. 40-57.
21. Report ITU-R M.2171 “Characteristics of unmanned aircraft systems and spectrum requirements
to support their safe operation in non-segregated airspace”. International Telecommunication Union.
Available at: https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2171-2009 (accessed 01 August 2023).
22. Report SM.2486-0 “Use of commercial drones for ITU-R spectrum monitoring tasks”. International
Telecommunication Union. Available at: https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-SM.2486-
2021 (accessed 01 August 2023).
strategy for the development of the communications industry of the Russian Federation for the
period up to 2035]. Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications
of the Russian Federation (2023). Available at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/documents/9120/
(accessed 01 August 2023).
2. Ob utverzhdenii plana meropriyatiy («dorozhnoy karty») po sovershenstvovaniyu
zakonodatel'stva i ustraneniyu administrativnykh bar'erov v tselyakh obespecheniya realizatsii
plana meropriyatiy («dorozhnoy karty») Natsional'noy tekhnologicheskoy initsiativy po
napravleniyu «Aeronet»: Rasporyazhenie Pravitel'stva RF ot 03.04.2018 g. N576-r (v red. ot
16.09.2021) [On the approval of the action plan («roadmap») to improve legislation and eliminate
administrative barriers in order to ensure the implementation of the action plan
(«roadmap») The National Technological Initiative in the Aeronet direction: Order of the Government
of the Russian Federation N576-р (2021)]. Available at: legal reference system
«Konsul'tantPlyus».
3. Ob utverzhdenii Kontseptsii integratsii bespilotnykh vozdushnykh sudov v edinoe vozdushnoe
prostranstvo Rossiyskoy Federatsii i plana realizatsii Kontseptsii v chasti razvitiya
tekhnologiy: Rasporyazhenie Pravitel'stva RF ot 05.10.2021 g. N2806-r (v red. ot 05.12.2022)
[On approval of the Concept of Integration of Unmanned Aircraft into the Unified Airspace of
the Russian Federation and the plan for the implementation of the Concept in terms of technology
development: Order of the Government of the Russian Federation N2806-р (2021)].
Available at: legal reference system «Konsul'tantPlyus».
4. Reshenie GKRCh ot 29 noyabrya 2021 goda №21-60-05 «Ob ispol'zovanii polosy radiochastot
5850-6425 MGts radioelektronnymi sredstvami dlya organizatsii svyazi s bespilotnymi
vozdushnymi sudami (dlya sluzhebnogo pol'zovaniya) [Decision GRFC No. 21-60-05 (2021)
“About the use of the radio frequency band 5850-6425 MHz by radio-electronic means for the
organization of communication with unmanned aircraft (for official use)”]. Ministry of Digital
Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. Available
at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/documents/8069/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
5. Reshenie GKRCh ot 23 dekabrya 2022 goda № 22-65-03 «Ob ispol'zovanii polos radiochastot
radioelektronnymi sredstvami dlya organizatsii svyazi v bespilotnykh aviatsionnykh
sistemakh» [Decision GRFC No. 22-65-03 (2022) “On the use of radio frequency bands by radio-
electronic means for the organization of communication in unmanned aircraft systems”].
Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian
Federation. Available at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/documents/8628/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
6. Reshenie GKRCh ot 24 aprelya 2023 goda №23-66-01 «Ob ispol'zovanii polos radiochastot
radioelektronnymi sredstvami dlya organizatsii svyazi v bespilotnykh aviatsionnykh sistemakh
grazhdanskogo naznacheniya» [Decision GRFC No. 23-66-01 (2023) “On the use of radio frequency
bands by radio-electronic means for the organization of communication in unmanned
civil aviation systems”. Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications
of the Russian Federation. Available at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/documents/8969/
(accessed 01 August 2023).
7. Postanovlenie Pravitel'stva RF ot 18.09.2019 g. N1203-47 «Ob utverzhdenii Tablitsy
raspredeleniya polos radiochastot mezhdu radiosluzhbami Rossiyskoy Federatsii i priznanii
utrativshimi silu nekotorykh postanovleniy Pravitel'stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) [Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation
N1203-47 (2019) “On the approval of the Table of Distribution of Radio Frequency Bands between
the Radio Services of the Russian Federation and the invalidation of Certain resolutions
of the Government of the Russian Federation (with amendments and additions)”. Available at:
legal reference system «Garant».
8. Perechen' porucheniy po voprosam razvitiya bespilotnykh aviatsionnykh sistem: Poruchenie
Prezidenta Rossii ot 30.12.2022 g. Pr-2548-r [List of instructions on the development of unmanned
aircraft systems: Order of the President of Russia Пр-2548-р. (2022)]. Available at:
legal reference system «Konsul'tantPlyus».
9. Reshenie GKRCh ot 07 maya 2007 goda № 07-20-03-001 «O vydelenii polos radiochastot
ustroystvam malogo radiusa deystviya» (v red. ot 10.03.2017) [Decision GRFC № 07-20-03-
001 (2007) “On the allocation of radio frequency bands to short-range devices”]. Electronic
fund of normative, technical and regulatory information of the Code Consortium. Available at:
https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420342446 (accessed 01 August 2023).
10. Makarenko S.I. Protivodeystvie bespilotnym letatel'nym apparatam: monografiya [Counteraction
by unmanned aerial vehicle: monograph]. Saint Petersburg: Naukoemkie tekhnologii,
2020, 204 p.
11. FCC Certification, NexPCB Knowledge Base. Available at: knowledgebase.nexpcb.com/articles/
fcc/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
12. Evropeyskiy sertifikat kachestva – SE markirovka dlya Evrosoyuza [European Quality Certificate
– CE marking for the European Union]. Serkons. Available at:
https://www.serconsrus.ru/services/ce-marking/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
13. SRRC Certification for telecommunication products in China. MPR. Available at:
https://www.china-certification.com/en/china-srrc-type-approval/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
14. Dlya radiokontrolya na trudnodostupnykh territoriyakh budut primenyat'sya bespilotnye letatel'nye
apparaty [Unmanned aerial vehicles will be used for radio monitoring in remote areas]. Ministry of
Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation.
Available at: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/events/29464/ (accessed 01 August 2023).
15. Zakharov A.I., Ivanov N.V., Studenikin A.V. Vozmozhnosti bespilotnykh letatel'nykh apparatov
pri reshenii izyskatel'skikh zadach [The capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles in solving
survey tasks], Inzhenernye izyskaniya [Engineering surveys], 2012, No. 7, pp. 20-23.
16. Studenikin A.V. i dr. Praktika primeneniya perspektivnykh bespilotnykh letatel'nykh apparatov
dlya monitoringa i aerofotos"emki [The practice of using advanced unmanned aerial vehicles
for monitoring and aerial photography], Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo
zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa [Modern problems of remote sensing of the Earth from
space], 2012, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 102.
17. Rekomendatsiya MSE-R SM.378-7 «Izmerenie napryazhennosti polya na stantsiyakh
radiokontrolya» [Recommendation ITU-R SM.378-7 “Field strength measurement at radio monitoring
stations”]. International Telecommunication Union. Available at: https://www.itu.int/
dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.378-7-200702-I!!PDF-E.pdf (accessed 01 August 2023).
18. Rekomendatsiya MSE-R SM.1875-1 «Izmerenie pokrytiya DVB-T i proverka kriteriev
planirovaniya» [Recommendation ITU-R SM.1875-1 “DVB-T coverage measurement and verification
of planning criteria”]. International Telecommunication Union. Available at:
https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.1875-1-201308-S!!PDF-R.pdf (accessed
01 August 2023).
19. Nikitina A.V. Otsenka vozmozhnosti primeneniya bespilotnykh letatel'nykh apparatov dlya
zadach radiokontrolya setey mobil'noy svyazi [Assessment of the possibility of using unmanned
aerial vehicles for the tasks of radio monitoring of mobile communication networks],
SPbNTORES: Tr. ezhegodnoy NTK [SPbNTORES: Proceedings of the annual STC], 2021,
No. 1, pp. 240-243.
20. Ashikhmin A.V. i dr. Sposob odnopozitsionnogo mestoopredeleniya istochnikov
radioizlucheniya s ispol'zovaniem bortovogo radiopelengatora bespilotnogo letatel'nogo
apparata vertoletnogo tipa [A method for single-position location of radio emission sources using
an on-board radio direction finder of a helicopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle], Sistemy
upravleniya, svyazi i bezopasnosti [Control, communication and security systems], 2021,
No. 4, pp. 40-57.
21. Report ITU-R M.2171 “Characteristics of unmanned aircraft systems and spectrum requirements
to support their safe operation in non-segregated airspace”. International Telecommunication Union.
Available at: https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2171-2009 (accessed 01 August 2023).
22. Report SM.2486-0 “Use of commercial drones for ITU-R spectrum monitoring tasks”. International
Telecommunication Union. Available at: https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-SM.2486-
2021 (accessed 01 August 2023).
Опубликован
2023-12-11
Выпуск
Раздел
РАЗДЕЛ III. ЭЛЕКТРОНИКА, ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЕ И РАДИОТЕХНИКА
