ФОРМУЛИРОВАНИЕ ТРЕБОВАНИЙ К ПРОТЯЖЁННОСТИ ВОЛОКОННО-ОПТИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИНИИ ПРИ ВНЕДРЕНИИ ДВУХЭТАПНОГО АЛГОРИТМА СИНХРОНИЗАЦИИ В СИСТЕМЕ КВАНТОВОГО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ КЛЮЧА
Ключевые слова:
Квантовое распределение ключа, система, двухэтапный алгоритм синхронизации, фотонный импульс, волоконно-оптическая линия, вероятностные характеристики, протяжённость линии связи
Аннотация
Проанализированы особенности временной синхронизации станций в системах кван-тового распределения ключа (КРК), учитывающие квантовую природу выходного сигнала фотодетектора. Подчёркивается, что реализация процесса синхронизации в многофотон-ном режиме потенциально упрощает злоумышленнику несанкционированный доступ (НСД) к конфиденциальной информации. Обсуждаются методы повышения защищённости под-системы синхронизации, среди которых выделен подход, ориентированный на использова-ние в качестве синхросигнала фотонного импульса со средним числом фотонов менее 1. Цель исследования направлена на установление функциональной зависимости протяжён-ности волоконно-оптической линии связи (ВОЛС) от параметров используемых одномодо-вых оптических волокон и однофотонных лавинных фотодиодов (ОЛФД) для формулирова-ния перспектив применения двухэтапный алгоритм однофотонной синхронизации приёмо-передающей и кодирующей станций автокомпенсационной системы КРК без разбиения временных кадров на временные сегменты. В анализируемом алгоритме на приёмном конце известен период следования и длительность оптических синхросигналов. Аппаратура на этапе поиска регистрирует приём фотона или импульс темнового тока (ИТТ) в первом временном кадре. Если в кадре не зарегистрирован фотон, то поиск продолжается в по-следующих кадрах Если при анализе временного кадра принят фотон, то аппаратура пе-реходит к тестированию, где повторный опрос производится только во время стробиро-вания однофотонного фотодетектора. Исследование показывает перспективу использо-вания двухэтапного алгоритма синхронизации системы КРК с применением одномодовых оптических волокон с минимальным погонным затуханием и однофотонных лавинных фо-тодиодов с наменьшей частотой генерации ИТТ. Внедрение двухэтапного алгоритма воз-можно в локальных сетях при протяжённости ВОЛС 20…30 км практически на любых одномодовых оптических волокон в случае применения ОЛФД с частотой генерации ИТТ менее 10 Гц. Построение линий связи с протяжённостью более 50 км возможно только при ориентации на использование ОЛФД с частотой генерации ИТТ менее 1 Гц.
Литература
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2. Gisin N., Ribordy G., Tittel W., Zbinden H. Quantum cryptography, Reviews of Modern Phys-ics, 2002, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 145-195.
3. Shor P.W., Preskill J. Simple proof of security of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol, Physical Review Letters, 2000, Vol. 85, pp. 441-444. Quant-ph/0003004.
4. Gerhardt I., Liu Q., Lamas-Linares A., Skaar J., Kurtsiefer C., and Makarov V. Full-field im-plementation of a perfect eavesdropper on a quantum cryptography system, Nat. Commun. 2, 349 (2011).
5. Lars Lydersen, Carlos Wiechers, Christoffer Wittmann, Dominique Elser, Johannes Skaar, Vadim Makarov. Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illu-mination, Nature Photonics. Published online: 29.08.2010. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.214.
6. Makarov V. Controlling passively quenched single photon detectors by bright light, New Jour-nal of Physics, 2009, Vol. 11. 065003.
7. Gisin N., Fasel S., Kraus B., Zbinden H., Ribordy G. Trojan-horse attacks on quantum-key-distribution systems, Physical Review A, 2006, Vol. 73. 022320.
8. Rumyantsev K.E. Sinkhronizatsiya v sisteme kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha s avtomaticheskoy kompensatsiey polyarizatsionnykh iskazheniy [Synchronization in the system of quantum key distribution with automatic compensation of polarization distortions], Telekommunikatsii [Telecommunications], 2017, No. 2, pp. 32-40. Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28368172.
9. Rumyantsev K.E. Zashchita protsessa sinkhronizatsii v sisteme kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha s avtomaticheskoy kompensatsiey polyarizatsionnykh iskazheniy [Protection of the synchronization process in the quantum key distribution system with automatic compensation of polarization distortions], Telekommunikatsii [Telecommunications], 2017, No. 3, pp. 36-44. Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28860318/.
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11. Viterbi E.D. Printsipy kogerentnoy svyazi [Principles of coherent communication]: transl. from engl., ed.by B.R. Levina. Moscow: Sov. radio, 1970.
12. Stiffler Dzh. Teoriya sinkhronnoy svyazi [Synchronous communication theory]: transl. from engl., ed.by E.M. Gabidulina. Moscow: Svyaz', 1975.
13. Lindsey W.С. Synchronization Systems in Communication and Control. Prentice-Hall, Eng-lewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972.
14. Lindsey W.C., Simon М.К. Telecommunication Systems Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Eng-lewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1973.
15. Pljonkin A., Rumjantsev K. Preliminary stage synchronization algorithm of auto-compensation quantum key distribution system with an unauthorized access security, Proceeding of the 15th International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication 2016 (ICEIC 2016). Jan 27−30, 2016. Danang, Vietnam. DOI: 10.1109/ELINFOCOM.2016.7562955. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7562955.
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21. Rumyantsev K.E., Plenkin A.P. Povyshenie effektivnosti algoritma vkhozhdeniya v sinkhronizm sistemy kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyuchey [Improving the efficiency of the al-gorithm of entering into synchronism of the quantum key distribution system], Izvestiya YuFU. Tekhnicheskie nauki [Izvestiya SFedU. Engineering Sciences], 2015, No. 8 (169), pp. 6-19.
22. Pljonkin A., Rumjantsev K. Synchronization algorithm of quantum key distribution system with protection from unauthorized access, Proceeding of the IEEE Photonics Society Work-shop on Recent Advances in Photonics (IEEE WRAP 2015). 16−17 December 2015. Indian In-stitute of Science, Bangalore, India, KA. 7805988. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/320745718_Synchronization_in_Quantum_Key_Distribution_Systems.
23. Pljonkin A., Rumjantsev K. Single-photon synchronization mode of quantum key distribution sys-tem, Proceeding of the International Conference on Computational Techniques in Information and Communication Technology 2016. (ICCTICT 2016). 11th–13th March 2016. New Delhi, India, pp. 531-534. 7514637. Available at: http://izv-tn.tti.sfedu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/5/6.pdf.
24. ID100 v 2016 01 28. Specifications. 2016. www.idquantique.com/.
25. SPADs: // www.boselec.com/products/.../IDQbrochure8-13-13.pdf.
26. Available at: http://kazus.ru/datasheets/pdf-data/2616650/FUJITSU/FRM5W232BS.html.
27. ID230 v2015 04 29. Specifications as of May 2015.
28. ID280.http://www.idquantique.com/photon-counting/photon-counting-modules/id280/.
29. Rumyantsev K.E., Rudinsky E.A. Time synchronization method in quantum key distribution system with automatic compensation of polarization distortions, Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy (ICCSP 2017), Wuhan, China, March 17-19, 2017. Paper 91.
30. Plenkin A., Rumyantsev K., Rudinsky E. Comparative analysis of single-photon synchronization algorithms in the quantum key distribution system, Proceedings of 2017 IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium ((EWDTS-2017). 29.09-2.10.2017. Serbia. Novi Sad. DOI: 10.1109/EWDTS. 2017. art. no. 8110047. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8110047/.
31. Eugene Rudinsky and Konstantin Rumyantsev. Graph-analytical method for estimating single-photon synchronization parameters of an auto-compensation quantum key distribution system, Proceedings of the Futuristic Trends in Network and Communication Technologies (FTNCT-2018). 9-10.02.2018. Waknaghat, India. 2018. Submission ID 166.
32. Rumyantsev K.E., Shakir Khayder Khusseyn. Ogranicheniya na dal'nost' dvukhetapnoy sinkhronizatsii v avtokompensatsionnoy sisteme kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha [Re-strictions on the range of two-stage synchronization in the autocompensation system of quan-tum key distribution], Telekommunikatsii [Telecommunications], 2019, No. 12, pp. 2-10.
33. Rumyantsev K.E., Rudinskiy E.A. Dvukhetapnyy vremennoy algoritm sinkhronizatsii v sisteme kvantovogo raspredeleniya klyucha s avtomaticheskoy kompensatsiey polyarizatsionnykh iskazheniy [Two-stage time synchronization algorithm in the system of quantum key distribu-tion with automatic compensation of polarization distortions], Izvestiya YuFU. Tekhnicheskie nauki [Izvestiya SFedU. Engineering Sciences], 2017, No. 5 (190), pp. 75-89.
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